What does the Church teach about the Eucharist (the Lord’s Supper)?
A: The Eucharist is not just symbolic—it is the real presence of Jesus: Body, Blood, Soul, and Divinity under the appearances of bread and wine.
“This is my body... this is my blood.” — Matthew 26:26–28
“Unless you eat the flesh of the Son of Man and drink His blood, you have no life in you.” — John 6:53
“The Eucharist is the source and summit of the Christian life.” — CCC §1324
“The bread which we break, is it not the partaking of the Body of the Lord?” — St. Justin Martyr, First Apology, c. 155 A.D.
What Does the Church Teach About the Eucharist?
A Catholic Apologetics Defense Against Protestant Objections & Pagan-Myth Claims
By Chris M. Forte
The Eucharist is the heart of the Catholic Faith. It is not a symbol, not a metaphor, not a memorial-only gesture. It is the real and substantial presence of Jesus Christ—Body, Blood, Soul, and Divinity—under the appearances of bread and wine.
This is not medieval theology. It is the teaching of Jesus Christ Himself.
**“This is my body… this is my blood.”**¹
**“Unless you eat the flesh of the Son of Man and drink His blood, you have no life in you.”**²
**“The bread which we break, is it not a participation in the Body of Christ?”**³
**“The Eucharist is the source and summit of the Christian life.”**⁴
Every major Christian group for the first 1,500 years believed this.
Every Church Father taught it.
The Catholic Church still does.
But modern Evangelicals object. And secular critics claim the Eucharist was copied from pagan myths.
Let’s address these directly.
1. Protestant Objection: “The Eucharist is only symbolic.”
The symbolic-only view is a modern invention, unknown to Christianity before the 1500s.
A. Jesus did not say, “This represents my body.”
He said:
**“This is my body… this is my blood.”**¹
The Greek word “esti” means “is,” not “symbolizes.”
B. The crowd in John 6 took Jesus literally—and He doubled down.
When Jesus said:
**“My flesh is true food… my blood is true drink.”**⁵
many disciples walked away.
Jesus did not correct them.
If they misunderstood Him, Christ—who corrects misunderstandings constantly—would have clarified.
Instead, He intensified His language.
C. St. Paul explicitly teaches the Real Presence.
Paul warns:
**“Whoever eats the bread or drinks the cup unworthily will be guilty of the body and blood of the Lord.”**⁶
You cannot be “guilty of the body and blood” of Christ by mishandling a symbol.
D. Every early Christian believed in the Real Presence.
St. Ignatius of Antioch (107 A.D.):
“The Eucharist is the flesh of our Savior Jesus Christ.”⁷
St. Justin Martyr (155 A.D.):
“We do not receive these things as common bread and drink… the food is the flesh and blood of that Jesus who was made flesh.”⁸
St. Irenaeus (180 A.D.):
“The bread becomes the Eucharist, the body of Christ.”⁹
No Christian writer for 1,500 years held a symbolic-only view.
2. Protestant Objection: “Jesus was speaking metaphorically.”
If the Eucharist is a metaphor, then:
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Jesus let His disciples abandon Him over a metaphor
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Paul misunderstood Jesus
-
Every early Christian misunderstood Jesus
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The universal Church misunderstood Jesus for 1,500 years
-
Only modern American Evangelicals got it right
This is historically impossible.
Jesus used metaphors—but the Eucharist teaching was never treated as one.
When Jesus said “I am the door,” nobody walked away.
When He said “I am the vine,” nobody protested.
But when He taught the Eucharist in John 6, His followers were scandalized—and He refused to soften the teaching.
This is not metaphor.
This is mystery made real.
3. Protestant Objection: “The Eucharist is cannibalism.”
This objection is ancient—and Scripture already answers it.
The Eucharist is not physical chewing on Christ’s earthly body.
Christ is present sacramentally, not physically in a crude or biological sense.
The Church Fathers always made this distinction:
St. Augustine (400 A.D.):
“These things are done sacramentally… not as the Jews foolishly imagined.”¹⁰
Catholics do not believe Christ is torn apart or physically diminished.
His glorified body is present in a mysterious, non-carnal way.
4. Protestant Objection: “The Mass is a repeated sacrifice.”
The Church teaches:
The Eucharist is not a new sacrifice.
It is the one sacrifice of Calvary, made present in time.¹¹
Jesus is “the Lamb slain from the foundation of the world” (Rev 13:8).
His sacrifice is eternal.
The Mass is how Christ applies His eternal sacrifice to us today—just as Israel re-applied the Passover each year without “re-sacrificing” the lamb.
5. Secular Claim: “The Eucharist was copied from pagan myths.”
This claim collapses under historical scrutiny.
A. Pagan “savior meals” do not exist.
There is no pagan religion in antiquity featuring:
-
a god who gives His body as food
-
a god whose blood is consumed sacramentally
-
a historical founder instituting a meal
-
a community gathered weekly for this ritual
This claim began in the 19th century among fringe occult writers—not historians.
B. Pagan myths involve symbolic feasting—not real presence.
Examples:
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Dionysus worship involved drunken festivals—not communion¹²
-
Mithraic meals were military banquets—not sacred mysteries¹³
-
Egyptian religion involved symbolic offerings, not consuming a god¹⁴
No pagan cult believed they were eating the real body of a real historical deity.
C. Jews fiercely rejected pagan rituals.
First-century Judaism was violently opposed to pagan religion.
Christians emerged from Judaism—not paganism.
A Jewish Messiah instituting a pagan-based ritual would be historically absurd.
D. The Last Supper was a Passover meal.
The Eucharist fulfills:
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Passover lamb typology
-
Manna typology (John 6:31–35)
-
Bread of the Presence (“the Face of God”)¹⁵
Its roots are 100% Jewish—not pagan.
6. The Catholic View: The Eucharist Is Jesus Christ
Catholics believe exactly what the early Church believed:
-
Jesus is truly present.
-
His sacrifice is truly offered.
-
His body is truly given for the life of the world.
This is why the Church calls the Eucharist:
**“The source and summit of the Christian life.”**⁴
Without the Eucharist, Christianity loses its center.
With it, Christ Himself becomes the food that leads us to eternal life.
Conclusion: The Eucharist Is the Heart of the Church
The earliest Christians believed in the Real Presence.
The Reformers rejected it late in Christian history.
And no pagan myth resembles it.
The Eucharist is:
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the true Passover fulfilled,
-
the Bread of Life given from Heaven,
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the presence of Jesus Himself in our midst,
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the medicine of immortality (St. Ignatius),
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the foretaste of Heaven.
This is why I remain Catholic:
Because Jesus’ promise—“This is my body”—means exactly what it says.
Author’s Note
By Chris M. Forte
The Eucharist is the doctrine that broke me, humbled me, and ultimately brought me back home to the Catholic Church. I didn’t return because of culture or childhood memory—I returned because I could no longer deny what Scripture, history, and the earliest Christians all shouted with one voice: Jesus meant what He said.
When He held bread in His hands and declared, “This is my body,” He wasn’t being poetic. When He told the crowds that His flesh was true food and His blood true drink, He wasn’t speaking in metaphor. And when countless disciples walked away scandalized by that teaching, He did not call them back to say, “Wait—it’s only symbolic.” He let them walk because the truth was too sacred to dilute.
I once stood on the outside looking in—surrounded by Christian groups insisting the Last Supper was symbolic, that John 6 was figurative, and that the Mass was a medieval corruption. But then I read the writings of the earliest Christians for myself. Ignatius of Antioch calling the Eucharist “the flesh of our Savior.” Justin Martyr describing how the bread and wine “become” the body and blood of Christ. Irenaeus teaching that Christ’s body truly nourishes our bodies for resurrection. Augustine explaining that Christ is received sacramentally, but truly.
It hit me: Either every Christian for 1,500 years was wrong—or Jesus meant exactly what He said.
The symbolic-only interpretation—a view widespread today in much of Protestantism—didn’t exist in the first century, the fifth century, or even the fifteenth. It exploded only after the Reformation, and in many cases only in the last 200 years. I realized that if I wanted authentic Christianity—historic, biblical, and apostolic—I couldn’t cling to modern theories. I needed to return to the Church that never severed the Eucharist from the Gospel.
And more than all the arguments, what convinced me most was this:
If Christ truly becomes present in the Eucharist, then Christianity is not just a belief system—it is a living encounter with God Himself.
The Eucharist is not an idea but an intimacy, not a metaphor but a miracle, not a reminder but a relationship. To approach the altar is to stand at Calvary and at the empty tomb simultaneously, because the Eucharist makes present the one sacrifice of Christ in all its power.
This truth is why martyrs died, why missionaries crossed oceans, why monks prayed through the night, and why the early Christians risked persecution every Sunday: Christ was there.
And that is why I remain Catholic. Because the Catholic Church proclaims the fullness of what the early Christians believed:
that God Himself gives us His Body and Blood as the Bread of Life.
If Jesus is truly present in the Eucharist, there is no greater treasure on earth.
If He isn’t—then Christianity collapses into mere philosophy.
For me, the choice was simple.
I wanted the faith of the apostles, not the theories of modernity.
I wanted the Jesus of Scripture, not the Jesus of reinterpretation.
I wanted the Bread of Life—not a symbol of Him.
And so I came home.
Because where the Eucharist is, there is the Church.
And where the Church is, there is Christ.
Footnotes
¹ Matthew 26:26–28 (NRSV).
² John 6:53 (NRSV).
³ Justin Martyr, First Apology 66.
⁴ Catechism of the Catholic Church, §1324.
⁵ John 6:55.
⁶ 1 Corinthians 11:27.
⁷ Ignatius of Antioch, Letter to the Romans 7.
⁸ Justin Martyr, First Apology 66.
⁹ Irenaeus, Against Heresies 4.18.5.
¹⁰ Augustine, Tractates on John, 26.12.
¹¹ Catechism of the Catholic Church, §1367.
¹² Walter Burkert, Greek Religion (Harvard University Press, 1985).
¹³ Franz Cumont, The Mysteries of Mithra (1903).
¹⁴ Jan Assmann, Egyptian Religion (Cornell University Press, 2001).
¹⁵ Scott Hahn, The Lamb’s Supper (Doubleday, 1999).
Bibliography (With Hyperlinks)
**Assmann, Jan.**Egyptian Religion.
https://press.cornell.edu/book/9780801487293/egyptian-religion
Augustine. Tractates on the Gospel of John.
https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/1701.htm
Burkert, Walter. Greek Religion.
Overview: https://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/G/bo3625032.html
Catechism of the Catholic Church.
https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/_INDEX.HTM
Cumont, Franz. Mysteries of Mithra.
https://archive.org/details/mysteriesofmithr00cumouoft
Ignatius of Antioch. Letters.
https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0109.htm
Irenaeus. Against Heresies.
https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0103.htm
Justin Martyr. First Apology.
https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0126.htm
Hahn, Scott. The Lamb’s Supper.
Publisher: https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/74095/the-lambs-supper-by-scott-hahn/
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